Passing on Racial Discrimination to Youth and Children

I. Introduction Racial discrimination has always been a common social issue for the past couple of centuries. Even as times change and racial inequality decreases, discrimination is still an evolving and ongoing pattern inscribed in people, whether one is consciously aware of it or not. This paper will tackle the racial discrimination that is inevitably passed on to our youth and children. Using the search keywords â€Å"children racism,† this paper will argue that, although most people try to avoid inscribing racial tagging in our youth today, children will still be exposed and, consequently, develop racial profiling and judgments, whether it was taught or self-realized. II. Description of the pictures In general, majority of the resulting photos demonstrate at least one black and one white person. Similarly, some of the photos depict a small black and a small white child interacting with one another: hugging, playing, or even observing each other. Furthermore, most of the photos depict smiling integrated children. One of the photos even depicts a man and a woman together with four children of different ethnicities. On the other hand, there are a couple photos that are a little different from the trend mentioned above: one picture displays a sign saying â€Å"Racism Ruins Lives†; the next picture portrays a young boy presented with two dolls, one black and one white, with a bottom caption saying â€Å"which doll is pretty†; and a black and white photo depicting three white young-adultShow MoreRelatedEssay on Feelings That Kill1739 Words   |  7 Pagessegregation. To Kill A Mockingbird has many parallels between the fictional segregation in the novel and the factua l racism that actually took place in this time span. Between the years of 1882 and 1968 there were many different types of racial discrimination and mistreatment of blacks. One of the main types of this behavior was lynching. â€Å"Lynching is the practice whereby a mob, usually several dozen or several hundred persons, takes the law into its own hands in order to injure and kill a personRead MoreThe Sixties s Impact On American Society1307 Words   |  6 Pages Whether for better or for worse, the decade has had a profound influence on politics, society, foreign policy, and culture. During the sixties, there was a huge generation gap between the parents, who became adults around World War II, and the children, baby-boomers, who came of age in the 1950s and 1960s. Due to the generation gap, the younger generation grew farther apart from their parents and the older age group. The younger people believed that the older generation was too inhibited and tooRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesNelson Mandela and protesters during South Africa s journey away from apartheid. It’s a curious ponder, in fact, that America’s and South Africa’s ascents from racial discrimination were possibly involved with each other. However, while the world may be convinced the nation is out of racist depths, evidence displays the rise from discrimination in South Africa is undeniably incomplete. There is a dangerous and unresolved influence of apartheid in South Africa today. After World War 2 was won by AlliesRead MoreRacism And Racism1077 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican slaves were first introduced to the American colonies (1619) to assist in the production of profitable cash crops and work new machinery essential for the economy’s well-being, racial discrimination has continued to plague the Americans, albeit in subtler ways today. Despite efforts throughout the 1900s to rid of racial oppression and violence in the United States, racism still thrives amid laws and regulations calling for its eradication. 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I began promoting this program as a candidate back in 1960. I spoke to a crowd of 10,000 â€Å"challenging American youth to devote part of their lives to living and working in Asia, Africa, and Latin America† (Burner 1). Statistically, American youth is an unstoppable breed. The willingness to serve is overpowering and stems further into younger and younger generations. Humanity is a powerful force. Immediately after my speech, aRead MoreThe Double-Fold Oppres sion Of Intersectionality. The American1642 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessful in previous years in acquiring basic civil rights, the early 20th century signified the African American downfall as their white foes discovered a new source of perilous power. From the early to mid-1900s, white backlash increased with the passing of legislature to segregate blacks, most prominently the Jim Crow Laws in the South. Throughout this period of black isolation, literature arose seeking to reveal African American oppression as well as to formulate an explanation for its deep rootsRead MorePreventing Racial Profiling Within the Police Force Essay1858 Words   |  8 PagesRacial equality is an illusion. In the criminal justice system, African Americans and other minorities are targeted by police officers because of the color of their skin. Minorities face many obstacles to reach their freedom, even though laws states everyone should be treated equal. Minorities are more likely to be stopped at tra ffic stops, due to the color of their skin. In â€Å"Racial Profiling†, Jost states that minorities, including President Barack Obama and Oprah Winfrey, feel profiled and judged

The On Ball State University - 1321 Words

Ball State University is a very reputable school with a lot of well-thought-out policies. Since 1918, Ball State has maintained a well-organized university, which is impressive when you consider the large enrollment number. However, one policy that Ball State could improve is the visitation policy. The current visitation policy is generally one of the biggest criticisms with Ball State, and for good reason. The current policy does not permit guests over in the dorms past midnight on weeknights. The reason why the policy is a problem is because it hinders the students’ academic experience, as it would deny study groups from meeting in a dorm past midnight. A feasible solution that Ball State could employ would be to extend the visitation policy to twenty-four hour visitation, but increase the consequences if hall rules are broken. This would be a more effective way of teaching responsibility, as well as allowing students to gain more academic independence. The main problem with the policy is that not allowing guests after midnight could be detrimental to study groups that want to work at later times. According to a survey among first-year students at Ball State, over half of the participants said that they usually have to study past midnight on school nights (Survey). Due to the frequent group projects that some college students have to do, this policy is an obstacle that they must work around. If the residence halls would allow overnight visitation on weeknights, studyShow MoreRelatedApplying Ball State University As An Example1469 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful. Using Ball State University as an example we will be discussing these three primary objectives, education, service, and research. In addition to identify who they serve as far as their fellow students and the general public. Lastly we will be discussing any adjustments to the publicness if the organization. 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Equal Protection in Criminal Punishment Free Essays

Equal Protection in Criminal Punishment The 14th Amendment articulates that no State shall â€Å"deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws† (Sullivan and Gunther 486). It is nearly impossible though, for the equal treatment of all persons, since every law affects people differently. â€Å"This command cannot literally require equal treatment of all persons, since almost all laws classify in some way, by imposing burdens on or granting benefits to some people and not others† (Sullivan and Gunther 486). We will write a custom essay sample on Equal Protection in Criminal Punishment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Equal Protection Clause was meant for the application of all laws equally, not necessarily equal treatment of all people. There is a great difference in the two. The people most adversely affected by these iniquitous laws are mainly minorities and those from low socio-economic groups. The inequality in sentencings of the criminals is often the focal point of legal discussion. The most debatable topic when it comes to criminal punishment is the area surrounding the death penalty. It is often given unjustly and undeservingly to minorities. Race is the most controversial and monumental factor in determining the length and severity of a criminal’s punishment. Racial discrimination has been evident in our legal system in the past and continues to remain present to this day. Our court system has deprived minorities of their rights throughout the years. In Strauder v. West Virginia, the State excluded blacks from the jury. The State law stated that â€Å"all white male persons who are twenty-one years of age and who are citizens of this State shall be liable to serve as jurors† (Sullivan and Gunther 487). A black man facing trial in the 1800’s against an all white jury doesn’t stand a chance. The Court found that to deny citizen participation in the administration of justice solely on racial grounds â€Å"is practically a brand upon them, affixed by law; an assertion of their inferiority, and a stimulant to that race prejudice which is an impediment to securing to individuals of the race that equal justice which the law aims to secure to all others† (Sullivan and Gunther 487). This case was a major turning point in racial discrimination in our legal system. Minorities were starting to be seen as people, and not just objects. But at this time, we were still far from our goal of total equality among all people. In a more recent case, Swain v. Alabama, the Court held that a defendant in a criminal case is not constitutionally allowed to a balanced number of his race on the trial jury or the jury panel. There is no evidence in this case that the jury selection committee applied different jury selection standards as between blacks and whites (Swain v. Alabama, 380 U. S. 209, 1965). There may not be evidence, but it is quite obvious that there is an inequality here. How can a man facing a death penalty be put up against an all white jury during a time of racial tension? A flawed system of selection of jury panels is not comparable to intended racial discrimination (Swain v. Alabama, 380 U. S. 209, 1965). Although the selection of an all white jury was not sought out, society during this time was racially divided. The principle announced in Strauder v. West Virginia, that a State denies a black defendant equal protection when it puts him on trial before a jury from which members of his race have been purposefully excluded, was reaffirmed in Batson v. Kentucky (Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U. S. 84). The Equal Protection Clause assures the defendant that the State will not prohibit members of his race from the jury venire on account of race, or on the inaccurate assumption that members of his race as a group are not eligible to serve as jurors. By denying a person participation in jury duty on the basis of his race, the State also unconstitutionally discriminates against the barred juror (Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U. S. 85). This inequality in the selection of jurors has damaged confidence in our legal system. The lack of confidence has in turn caused inequality in the sentencing of criminals, mostly dealing with minorities. There is no doubt that minorities receive harsher and longer sentences. â€Å"As of June 1998, only seven white men had been executed in the United States for killing black victims. In the same 1976-1998 period, 115 black men were executed for killing white victims† (Cole 132). These numbers prove that blacks have historically received harsher treatments than whites. This connects to the selection of juries. Juries have a great affect on the sentencing of criminals. A predominantly white jury is more than likely to convict a black man, than a predominantly black jury is. â€Å"Juries remain predominantly white in most of the country, and apparently their sympathies lie more strongly with white than black victims† (Cole 133). A large study conducted by Professors David Baldus, George Woodworth, and Charles Pulaski, showed that there was a large disparity in the racial breakdown of the death penalty. They found that defendants charged with killing white victims received the death penalty eleven times more often than defendants charged with killing black victims (Cole 133). The Equal Protection Clause was set out to protect from this indifference, but this clearly shows that it has not done so. Equal treatment of all people has yet to be achieved today and racial inequality is still ever-present. Criminal sentencing when it comes to blacks and whites is vastly different and unjust. The disproportion of sentences given to blacks and whites in dealing with drugs is ridiculous. First of all, the gap in sentencing when it comes to crack cocaine and powder cocaine is too big. Under federal sentencing guidelines, a small-time crack dealer caught selling 5 grams of crack receives the same prison sentence as a large-scale powder cocaine dealer convicted of distributing 500 grams of powder cocaine (Cole 142). To me, powder cocaine is just as dangerous and addicting as crack cocaine. The large gap in sentencings for the two offenses places a higher value on the danger level of crack, when in all actuality they are on the same level. The increase in policing of the low-level crack offenders has caused us to neglect the big drug traffickers. As it is, we already do not have enough federal law enforcement to police all the drug dealers out there. By paying more attention to the people with small amounts of crack cocaine, we are letting others get by with more powdered cocaine. This puts more powdered cocaine on the streets, because dealers are unafraid to receive the consequences since the pay-off to conviction rate is much more in their favor. An offender would receive a mandatory minimum of 10 years if they were to get caught with 5,000 grams of powdered cocaine, while a person would receive the same sentence for being caught with only 50 grams of crack cocaine. Crack cocaine is the only drug that carries a mandatory prison sentence for a first-time possession offense. A person convicted in federal court of simple possession of 5 grams of crack is subject to a mandatory five-year prison term while a person convicted of possessing 5 grams of powder will probably receive a probation sentence. To solve this problem, we need to bridge the gap between the two sentencings. Crack cocaine is the poor man’s powdered cocaine. The popularity of crack cocaine was associated with its cheap price, which for the first time made cocaine available to a wider economic class (thesentencingproject. rg). More than often, the biggest users of crack cocaine are people of lower social status. This in turn implicates that more crack cocaine users are African Americans. As a result of this, blacks are receiving more prison time when it comes to crack cocaine. African Americans make up one-third of crack cocaine users, with the other two-thirds being white and Hispanic (The Defenders Online). About 90 percent of federal crack cocaine defendants are black (Cole 142). African American drug defendants have a 20 percent greater chance of being sentenced to prison than white drug defendants (The Sentencing Project). Why is this the case? The legal system inadvertently targets blacks by placing higher sentences on crack cocaine offenses. A considerable racial disparity in prosecutions and imprisonment has endured for too long. Along with disproportionate law enforcement procedures that aim towards blacks, the crack sentencing guidelines have resulted in more than 80 percent of crack cocaine defendants being African American, although in all actuality, a majority of crack offenders are white or Hispanic (The Sentencing Project). With the punishment of crack cocaine so severe for low level offenses, the prison incarceration rate has risen, causing us as taxpayers more money. American prisons and jails house nearly two million people and Blacks face incarceration rates more than six times that of Whites (Schlesinger). The inequality in our justice system has caused more minorities to be locked up, which in result is a financial burden on the American taxpayers. By equalizing the gap in criminal sentencing for all races, we can solve the problems from within our legal system. The racial inequality that is present in our justice system also exists in the sentencing of the death penalty. There seems to be a consistent factor in those on death row. â€Å"Those being executed and awaiting their deaths are no different from those selected for execution in the past: virtually all were poor; about half are members of racial minorities; and the overwhelming majority where sentenced to death for crimes against white victims† (Bright 433). Over time, our legal system has placed a â€Å"small† value of importance on minorities and this was built upon, to where whites did not notice this inequality. There has to be some sort of factor that influences why there are more minorities on death row. A possible influence on the situation could be the fact that most prosecutors are white. â€Å"98 percent of all state death penalty state prosecutors are white and in eighteen of the thirty-eight death penalty states, prosecutors are exclusively white† (Free 187). White prosecutors may not knowingly have a racial bias in their head, but it is evident when they are trying to seek the death penalty. State courts were 4. 3 times more likely to sentence those who killed whites than those that killed blacks (Free 185). These same courts were 1. 1 times more likely to black defendants to death than any other defendant of another race (Free 185). While the state prosecutors are pressing for the death penalty, the defendant is supplied with an insufficient lawyer. The jury is more than likely to listen to the more qualified state prosecutor and be persuaded by what he has to say, over the under qualified attorney supplied by the state. This has resulted in more successful cases in favor of the state prosecutors. This reoccurring situation is ever-so-present in today’s legal system. Minorities are getting shafted in the American justice system and nothing is being done to prevent this from continuing to happen in the future. ‘All men are created equal†¦ ‘ may be what the Declaration of Independence says, but in all reality, some men receive better treatment than others. The actual reality of the Declaration of Independence is that all free, white, landowning men are created equal. For that reason, inequality has always been present in the United States’ legal system and maintains to exist today; though, the inequality currently in the system is not as obvious as what it once was. We have made little progress towards total equality. Anywhere you look in today’s world, you can find some sort of inequality or injustice. I firmly believe we will always have a racial prejudice in the world no matter what, because there will always be the people that can’t get over their racial indifferences. Although we will not fully achieve the goal of racially equality, we can make positive steps forward by first addressing the problems associated with in our justice system. Race is the largest influencing factor in the sentencing of criminals, especially when it comes o dealing with the death penalty. Works Cited Bright, Stephen B. â€Å"Discrimination, Death, and Denial: The Tolerance of Racial Discrimination in Infliction of the Death Penalty. † Santa Clara Law Review Vol. 35 (1995. ): 433. Free Jr. , Marvin D. Racial Issues in Criminal Justice: the Case of African Americans. Westport: Criminal Justice Press, 2004. 185,187. Schlesinger, Traci. â€Å"How Determinate Sentencing Contributed to the Prison Boom: The Failure of Race Neutral Policies†Ã‚  Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Law and Society Association, Jul 06, 2006. ttp://www. allacademic. com/meta/p94999_index. html â€Å"Sentencing disparity: Crack Cocaine v Powdered Cocaine. † The Defenders Online. 27 May 2009. 16 Dec. 2009. http://www. thedefendersonline. com/2009/05/27/sentencing-disparity-crack-cocaine-v-powder-cocaine/ Sullivan, Kathleen M. and Gerald Gunther. Constitutional Law: 16th Ed. New York: Foundation Press, 2007. The Sentencing Project: Research and Advocacy for Reform. â€Å"Federal Crack Cocaine Sentencing. † 13 December 2009. http://www. sentencingproject. org/doc/publications/dp_crack_sentencing. pdf How to cite Equal Protection in Criminal Punishment, Papers

Organizational Theory and Design Organizational Structure

Question: Describe about the Organizational Theory and Design for Organizational Structure. Answer: 1. CISCO implemented a collaborative method instead of the command and control approach to the organization structure, which facilitated greater coordination among the departments and divisions within the business organization. CISCO redesigned its organizational structure by considering the opinions and the managers of the lower- ranked employees in formulating the business strategies in the organization (Argyres Zenger, 2013). As such, these ideas were involved in the decision-making process of the management. The brand adopted a more organic approach to develop coordination among the different executives and personnels working in the organization leading to sharing of ideas and technology. This has bought in more flexibility and innovation at the workplace. To develop collaboration among the employees, the CEO of the organization John Chambers develop cross functional teams among the team members (Cisco", 2016). This has assisted the employees to be more responsible for the job roles in the organization. Argyres and Zenger (2013) mentioned that the cross functional teams have to be set up practical goals in the organization relating to product development as well as the time required for the production and the distribution process in the organization . Team based targets were developed rather than targets of individual targets. Thus, the new approach developed a spirit of team bonding and unity among the employees in the organization. 2. As per the Greiner growth model, the alterations in the Ciscos business operations can be evaluated as follows. Creativity - In the case of CISCO, the CEO of the company was inspired to bring in greater innovation in the workplace. As such, this has helped the business enterprise to overcome the existing threats that has affected the business enterprise. According to Lee et al. (2015), the structural innovations in the workplace have enhanced the productivity rate and ensured smoother business operations. Leadership - CISCO had a rigid hierarchical system, where the opinions of the lower ranked employees in the organization did not had much impact on the decision process. The newly adopted organization structure has enabled the lower employees to achieve more decision-making roles. This was necessary due to the ever-decreasing market share of the brand. Direction - The management at CISCO re-innovated the organizational structure of the company by engaging the lower level employees in the organization. Executives had to work together as a team and collaborate to achieve the collective targets that were pre-determined. Daft (2015) mentioned that the management at CISCO seeks to establish a sense of innovation and flexibility by encouraging different departments to attain the common goals and objectives of the business enterprise. The market value of the brand decreased by $ 400 after the dot.com crisis. There were substantial crisis of autonomy of the employees working in the organization. As such, employees were not encouraged to work beyond their designated roles, which restricted their professional growth. In order to rectify the situation, the brand introduced the organic structure in the organization that shall ensure faster productivity and distribution process in the organization. Delegation The mid-level managers in the organization are being offered greater responsibilities to adjust to the changing market conditions in the global market (Yoo, 2013). They were required to work in a collaborative manner to work towards attaining the common goals and the objectives of the business entity. The delegation of authority and responsibility ensured authenticity as well as transparency in the daily business functionalities of the organization. Coordination and Monitoring CISCO encouraged greater coordination and collaboration among the individual executives belonging to various divisions and departments in the organization. (Daft, 2015) As such, this has helped the business enterprise in creating a distinctive edge among its competitors in the market Collaboration Cisco has introduced a network of cross-functional councils, boards as well as that has enabled the business entity to develop greater collaboration among the employees working in the business organizations (Le et al., 2014). As such, this has assisted the business entity to place greater emphasis on product development and executing the business functionalities as per the short term as well as the long-term goals of the business entity. 3. The new approach has enabled CISCO to overcome its shortcomings, and be one of the leading manufacturers in the networking segment. The brands growth has stagnated in the recent times, which has affected the business sustainability of the brand. According to Daft (2015), the recent changes in the organization structure have assisted the business entity in reducing the operational expenses and exploring newer business segments in the global market. The new strategy of CISCO in facilitating newer teams and departments to work together to achieve common goals and objectives has been proved effective for CISCO in achieving the economies of scale (Yoo, 2013). The new organic approach has strengthened the inherent financial as well as the operational constituents, thereby, leading the growth to further growth and sustainability in the international market. References Argyres, N., Zenger, T. R. (2013). 12. Dynamics of organizational structure.Handbook of Economic Organization: Integrating Economic and Organization Theory, 210. Cisco. (2016). Cisco. Retrieved 4 August 2016, from https://www.cisco.com/ Daft, R. L. (2015). Organization theory and design. Cengage Learning. Lee, J. Y., Kozlenkova, I. V., Palmatier, R. W. (2015). Structural marketing: using organizational structure to achieve marketing objectives. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 73-99. Lee, J. Y., Sridhar, S., Henderson, C. M., Palmatier, R. W. (2014). Effect of customer-centric structure on long-term financial performance.Marketing Science,34(2), 250-268. Yoo, Y. (2013). The tables have turned: how can the information systems field contribute to technology and innovation management research?. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14(5), 227.